Ancestry of the anthropoid apes 49 Pliocene climate, forests, and life 60 Transition to the Pleistocene 62 The first glaciation 64 The First Interglacial Stage 66 Early Pleistocene fauna 69 The Trinil race 73 Eoliths, or primitive flints 84 The second glaciation 86 The Second Interglacial Stage 90 The Heidelberg race 95 Migrations of the reindeer 102 The third glaciation 104

Date of the Pre-Chellean industry 107 Geography and climate 116 The river-drift stations 119 Pre-Chellean industry 126 The Piltdown race 130 Mammalian life 144 Chellean industry 148 Chellean geography 154 Pal?olithic stations of Germany 159 Acheulean industry 161 The use of fire 165 Acheulean industry 166 The second period of arid climate 173 Late Acheulean implements 177 The Neanderthal race of Krapina 181

Close of the Third Interglacial 186 The Fourth Glacial Stage 188 Arctic tundra life 190 Environment of the Neanderthal race 196 Mammals hunted by the Neanderthals 202 Cave life 211 The Neanderthal race 214 Mousterian industry 244 Disappearance of the Neanderthals 256